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famous figure in history

  • 1 a famous figure in history

    a famous figure in history
    um grande vulto da história.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > a famous figure in history

  • 2 figure

    ['fiɡə, ]( American[) 'fiɡjər] 1. noun
    1) (the form or shape of a person: A mysterious figure came towards me; That girl has got a good figure.) figura
    2) (a (geometrical) shape: The page was covered with a series of triangles, squares and other geometrical figures.) figura
    3) (a symbol representing a number: a six-figure telephone number.) número/cifra, algarismo
    4) (a diagram or drawing to explain something: The parts of a flower are shown in figure 3.) figura
    2. verb
    1) (to appear (in a story etc): She figures largely in the story.) figurar
    2) (to think, estimate or consider: I figured that you would arrive before half past eight.) calcular
    •
    - figuratively
    - figurehead
    - figure of speech
    - figure out
    * * *
    fig.ure
    [f'igə] n 1 figura, imagem, forma, aparência, contorno, vulto. he cuts a sorry figure / ele faz triste figura. 2 corpo, talhe, parte. 3 individualidade, personagem eminente. 4 diagrama, desenho, emblema, ilustração, figura geométrica. 5 algarismo, cifra aritmética, número. it runs into seven figures / alcança números de sete algarismos. 6 preço, valor, quantia, importância. what’s the figure / quanto custa isso. 7 símbolo. • vt+vi 1 figurar, formar uma imagem de, desenhar, simbolizar. he figures as the villain / ele faz o papel de vilão. 2 formar uma idéia ou imagem mental de, imaginar. 3 numerar, marcar por meio de números ou algarismos, computar, calcular, avaliar. 4 Mus embelezar, adornar, entremear de imagens, assinalar os respectivos acordes. 5 fazer figura, tomar parte em, salientar-se. 6 fazer cálculos matemáticos, decifrar. a famous figure in history um grande vulto da história. a fine figure of a man or woman homem ou mulher bem apessoados, atraentes, altos e elegantes. figure ground perception Com percepção de figura de fundo. Em marketing é a percepção de objetos ou eventos quando eles sobressaem claramente em um determinado fundo. figure of speech figuras de linguagem (metáfora, antítese, personificação, etc.). figure to yourself imagine só. mother figure símbolo da mãe. that figures! isto faz sentido! to figure as passar por, parecer, afigurar-se. to figure in aparecer, fazer parte de. to figure on Amer coll contar com, esperar. to figure out calcular, figurar, imaginar. to keep one’s figure conservar-se esbelto. to lose one’s figure engordar, perder a linha. what a figure you are! coll que figura você faz!

    English-Portuguese dictionary > figure

  • 3 personaje

    m.
    1 character.
    personaje central central character
    2 important person, celebrity (persona importante).
    ¡menudo personaje! what an unpleasant individual! (persona despreciable)
    3 big name, big wheel, personage, personality.
    * * *
    1 (famoso) celebrity
    2 (en obra, película) character
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=sujeto notable) personage, important person; (=famoso) celebrity, personality

    ser un personaje — to be somebody, be important

    2) (Literat, Teat) character
    * * *
    a) (Cin, Lit) character
    b) ( persona importante) important figure, personage (frml)

    es todo un personaje — (fam) he's a real big shot (colloq)

    * * *
    = character, personage, figure.
    Ex. In the meantime, a serious oral history project is fundamental to the preservation of the memories of those characters in the drama while they are still available.
    Ex. The other systematic schedules, 38 in number, relate to particular classes of persons or things, eg 13 for subclassification under any disease or disorder, 7 for special subjects relative to any personage.
    Ex. Much potentially valuable historical material is lost to posterity because of the attitude to the collection of primary sources which always gives pride of place to the ephemeral as long as it is compiled by a well-known figure.
    ----
    * galería de personajes famosos = hall of fame.
    * película con personajes de guiñol = puppet film.
    * personaje de fantasía = fantasy character.
    * personaje de ficción = fictional character.
    * personaje fantástico = fantasy character.
    * personaje local = local figure.
    * personaje mitológico = mythological character.
    * personaje político = political figure.
    * personaje principal = lead character.
    * personaje principal, el = main character, the, main actor, the.
    * personaje público = public figure.
    * personajes dramáticos = dramatis personae.
    * personaje secundario = secondary character.
    * personaje venido a menos = fallen star.
    * todo lo relativo al personaje novelesco Holmes = Holmesiana.
    * tratar como un personaje = lionise [lionize, -USA].
    * * *
    a) (Cin, Lit) character
    b) ( persona importante) important figure, personage (frml)

    es todo un personaje — (fam) he's a real big shot (colloq)

    * * *
    = character, personage, figure.

    Ex: In the meantime, a serious oral history project is fundamental to the preservation of the memories of those characters in the drama while they are still available.

    Ex: The other systematic schedules, 38 in number, relate to particular classes of persons or things, eg 13 for subclassification under any disease or disorder, 7 for special subjects relative to any personage.
    Ex: Much potentially valuable historical material is lost to posterity because of the attitude to the collection of primary sources which always gives pride of place to the ephemeral as long as it is compiled by a well-known figure.
    * galería de personajes famosos = hall of fame.
    * película con personajes de guiñol = puppet film.
    * personaje de fantasía = fantasy character.
    * personaje de ficción = fictional character.
    * personaje fantástico = fantasy character.
    * personaje local = local figure.
    * personaje mitológico = mythological character.
    * personaje político = political figure.
    * personaje principal = lead character.
    * personaje principal, el = main character, the, main actor, the.
    * personaje público = public figure.
    * personajes dramáticos = dramatis personae.
    * personaje secundario = secondary character.
    * personaje venido a menos = fallen star.
    * todo lo relativo al personaje novelesco Holmes = Holmesiana.
    * tratar como un personaje = lionise [lionize, -USA].

    * * *
    1 ( Cin, Lit) character
    2 (persona importante) important figure, personage ( frml)
    un personaje de la política an important political figure
    personajes del mundo del teatro celebrities o famous names from the world of theater
    es todo un personaje ( fam); he's a real big shot ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    personaje sustantivo masculino
    a) (Cin, Lit) character



    es todo un personaje en el pueblo he's something of a local celebrity
    personaje sustantivo masculino
    1 (de cine, teatro, etc) character
    2 (persona importante o conocida) celebrity, important figure
    3 fam, irón (persona atípica) es todo un personaje, she's quite a character
    ' personaje' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    caracterizar
    - escurridiza
    - escurridizo
    - histórica
    - histórico
    - pincelada
    - protagonista
    - vida
    - carácter
    - estereotipado
    - ficticio
    - glorioso
    - grotesco
    - hacer
    - interpretar
    - logrado
    - personalidad
    - vivir
    English:
    act
    - character
    - fictional
    - figure
    - kissogram
    - legendary
    - memorabilia
    - ordinary
    - royal
    - towering
    - VIP
    - assassin
    - assassinate
    - assassination
    - hot
    * * *
    1. [persona importante] important person, celebrity;
    acudieron personajes del mundo del cine celebrities from the movie world came;
    ¡menudo personaje! [persona despreciable] what an unpleasant individual!
    2. [en novela, teatro] character
    * * *
    m
    1 TEA character
    2 famoso celebrity
    * * *
    1) : character (in drama or literature)
    2) : personage, celebrity
    * * *
    1. (de libro, película, etc) character
    2. (celebridad) personality [pl. personalities]

    Spanish-English dictionary > personaje

  • 4 make\ out

    1. I
    1) they aren't as rich as they make out они совсем не так богаты, как стараются это представить
    2) how did you make out? каковы ваши успехи?; how are things making out? как идет дела?: give him another six months and see how he makes out дайте ему еще полгода и тогда посмотрите, как у неги пойдут дела; don't worry I'll make out не беспокойтесь, я справлюсь
    3) he is not such a fool (such a good lawyer, such a bad man, etc.) as some people make out, он не такой дурак и т. д., как некоторые люди полагают; as far as I (this reporter, the doctor, etc,) can make out... насколько я и т. д. могу судить...
    2. III
    4)
    make out smth. /smth. out/ we need two more eggs to make out a dozen до дюжины нам не хватает еще двух я яиц; we must put in some more poems and essays to make out a representative volume чтобы получился /был/ типичный для данного писателя (для этой школы и т. п.) том, нужно включить в него еще несколько стихотворений и очерков
    2)
    make out smth., smb. /smth.! smb. out/ make out the meaning of a phrase (a rule, etc.) понять значение фразы и т. д., разобраться в значении фразы и т. д., he couldn't make out her hand он не мог разобрать ее почерка; the boy had a hard time making out the problem мальчик с большим трудом разобрался в задаче /долго не мог понять задачу/; I can't make you out а) я вас не понимаю; б) не могу понять, что вы за человек
    3)
    make out smth., smb. /smth., smb. out/usually with can; I couldn't make out the design (her figure, the man in the cloak, the amount at the bottom of the page, etc.) я не мог рассмотреть орнамент и т. д., can you make out the island? ты видишь остров?
    4)
    make out smth. /smth. out/ make out a marketing list (our annual report, an application, etc.) составлять список покупок и т. д. I make out this form (an order for books, a questionnaire, etc.) заполните этот бланк или эту анкету и т. д., make out a certificate выписать свидетельство; make out a cheque (a bill) выписать чек (счет); make out, а сору (а record, etc.) сделать копию и т. д.
    3. IV
    1) make out smth. /smth. out/ in some manner usually in the interrogative coll. how do you make that out? почему вы так думаете?, откуда вы это взяли?
    2) make out smth., smb. /smth., smb. out/ in some manner I could barely /hardly, scarcely, just/ make out the expression on his face (the outline of the building, her figure, the running man, etc.) я едва мог рассмотреть или различить выражение его лица и т. д.
    4. V
    make out smb. /smb. out/ make me out a liar (a hypocrite, a cheat, an impostor, etc.) выставлять /представлять/ меня лгуном и т. д.
    5. VI
    make out smb. /smb. out/ as being of /having/ some quality make him out selfish (deceitful, guilty, ill, etc.) выставлять его эгоистичным и т. д.
    6. VII
    make out smb. /smb. out/ to be smb. make smb. out to be a liar (to be the one who broke the vase, to be a person of the highest character, etc.) выставлять кого-л. лжецом и т. д.; he makes himself out to be a famous scientist он выдает себя за известного ученого
    7. XI
    1) be made out that... it was made out that he had no business being there дело было представлено так, что он якобы не имел права там быть; be made out by smb. that... it was made out by his counsel that he was innocent адвокат /защитник/ представил дело так, что он невиновен
    2) || a case could be made out for Smith's release можно привести убедительные доводы или доказательства в пользу освобождения Смита; we do not consider that a case has been made out for reducing the tax on these goods мы считали, что не было приведено убедительных доводов в пользу необходимости. сокращения налога на эти товары
    3) be made out [to be] smb. he is made out [to be] a patriot (a hero, the best dancer ever, etc.) о нем отзываются как о патриоте и т. д., его считают патриотом и т. д.
    4) be made out in some manner the outline of the house (the ship, the spire, the figure, etc.) could just /hardly, barely/ be made out очертания дома и т. д. были едва различимы; be made out from somewhere his speech could scarcely /barely, hardly/ be made out from the balcony (from the fifth row, from afar, etc.) с балкона и т. д. его речь была едва слышна; the expression of his face could not be made out in half-light (in the gloom, in the mist, ill the darkness, etc.) в полутьме и т. д. нельзя было рассмотреть выражение его лица
    5) be made out in some manner be made out clearly (quickly, etc.) быть составленным /быть заполненным/ четко и т. д.; be made out in some quantity applications ( orders, forms, etc.) have to be made out in triplicate (in duplicate, in a number of copies, etc.) заявления и т. д. пишутся в трех экземплярах и т. д.
    8. XIII
    make out to be in some state he made out to be ill он притворился больным
    9. XVI
    coll. make out with smb., smth. how are you making out with Mary? как у вас дела с Мэри?; how did you make out with your interview? как у вас прошло интервью?; you made out well with the dinner (with the party, with your speech, etc.) обед и т. д. вам удался; we must try to make out with what we have надо попытаться обойтись тем, что у нас есть; make out in smth. how are you making out in your new job (in the office, etc.)? как у вас дела с новой работой и т. д.?; make out on smth. make out on a small wage обходиться небольшой зарплатой, жить на небольшую зарплату
    10. XXI1
    1) || make out a case for /in favour of/ (against) smth. приводить доказательства или доводы в пользу (против) чего-л.; make out a strong case for reform (in favour of an increase in salary, etc.) находить убедительные доводы в пользу реформ и т. д.
    2) make out smth. /smth. out/ from smth. I couldn't make anything out from these facts из этих фактов я не мог ничего понять; he tried to make out something from the tangled mazes of history and legend он пытался разобраться в лабиринте исторических событий и легенд
    3) make out smth., smb. /smth., smb. out/ т some place make out an inscription on a wall (a signature at the foot of a letter, a date in a manuscript, etc.) разобрать надпись на стене и т. д.; make out an outline of a house in the distance (a ship near the horizon, a spire in the darkness, etc.) различить очертания дома вдали и т. д.; make out a dim figure in the mist смутно видеть фигуру сквозь туман /в тумане/; I couldn't make her out in the dark hall я не видел ее в этом темном холле; make out smth., smb. /smth., smb. out/ with smth. you can make it out with a telescope это можно увидеть в телескоп; I couldn't make her out even with opera-glasses я даже в бинокль не видел ее
    4) make out smth. /smth. out/ for smth., smb. make out an application for a licence подать /написать/ заявление на получение прав; make out a list for the grocer составить список того, что надо купить в бакалее; make out a cheque for L 10 выписать чек на десять фунтов; make out smth. /smth. out/ to smb., smth. make out a cheque to him (to the firm, etc.) выписать чек на его имя /на него/ и т. д., make out a pass to him and his wife выписать /дать/ пропуск ему и его жене; make out smth. /smth. out/ in some quantity make this document out in duplicate оформите этот документ в двух экземплярах
    11. XXV
    1) make out that... he made out that he had been badly treated (that we were to blame, that they were friends of ours, etc.) он представил дело так, будто с ним плохо обращались и т. д., you can't make out that we haven't tried to help you вы не можете сказать, что мы не пытались ним помочь; let's make out that we are wrecked on a desert island давайте вообразим /представим себе/, что в результате кораблекрушения мы оказались на необитаемом острове
    2) make out what... (why..., who..., etc.) I can't make out what he wants (what it's all about, why he left, who that man was, when they intend to return, etc.) никак не пойму, что он хочет и т. д., all I can make out is that he will come все, что я понял, так это то, что он придет
    3) make out whether... (who..., etc.) I can't make out whether this figure is a three or an eight не могу разобрать, какая это цифра, три или восемь?; from the voice he could make out who the stranger was по голосу он понял или догадался, кто был этот незнакомец

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > make\ out

  • 5 protagonista

    f. & m.
    1 main or central character.
    2 leading man, chief character, hero, lead.
    3 leading lady.
    * * *
    1 main, leading
    1 (de película - actor) leading man; (- actriz) leading lady
    2 (de novela, obra de teatro) main character, protagonist
    3 (de un hecho) main protagonist
    \
    * * *
    noun mf.
    protagonist, main character, hero / heroine
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ central, leading
    2. SMF
    1) [en hecho real] main figure
    2) (=personaje) [de obra literaria] main character, protagonist frm; [de película, serie] main character, lead
    3) (=actor, actriz) star
    * * *
    masculino y femenino
    a) (Cin, Teatr)
    b) ( personaje) main character, protagonist
    c) ( de suceso)
    * * *
    = actor [actress, -fem.], character, protagonist, stakeholder, player, force multiplier, leading man.
    Ex. Institutionalization occurs whenever there is a reciprocal typification of habitualized actions by types of actors.
    Ex. In the meantime, a serious oral history project is fundamental to the preservation of the memories of those characters in the drama while they are still available.
    Ex. Protagonists such as Dr. Watson and Sherlock Holmes have become pseudopersonalities.
    Ex. This has two purposes: as an assessment of how the service is performing, and as an accountability factor to the stakeholders.
    Ex. It is little wonder that all players in the serials information chain -- publishers, subscriptions agents and librarians alike -- are taking a long hard look at what they are doing and attempting to forecast what the future might hold for them.
    Ex. The article 'Television: force multiplier or town crier in the global village?' discusses how television has changed from being a passive observer of events to being a significant player in international affairs.
    Ex. Tinseltown's leading men never get their due on the red carpet.
    ----
    * papel protagonista = title role.
    * protagonista, el = main character, the, main actor, the.
    * protagonista principal = key player, centrepiece [centerpiece, -USA], lead character.
    * protagonista principal, el = main character, the, main actor, the.
    * * *
    masculino y femenino
    a) (Cin, Teatr)
    b) ( personaje) main character, protagonist
    c) ( de suceso)
    * * *
    el protagonista
    (n.) = main character, the, main actor, the

    Ex: Quietly spoken, introverted Henry, the main character, tries to get casual jobs (anything, like a factotum) around Los Angeles.

    Ex: Moreover, it does not diminish the role of states as the main actors in international politics.

    = actor [actress, -fem.], character, protagonist, stakeholder, player, force multiplier, leading man.

    Ex: Institutionalization occurs whenever there is a reciprocal typification of habitualized actions by types of actors.

    Ex: In the meantime, a serious oral history project is fundamental to the preservation of the memories of those characters in the drama while they are still available.
    Ex: Protagonists such as Dr. Watson and Sherlock Holmes have become pseudopersonalities.
    Ex: This has two purposes: as an assessment of how the service is performing, and as an accountability factor to the stakeholders.
    Ex: It is little wonder that all players in the serials information chain -- publishers, subscriptions agents and librarians alike -- are taking a long hard look at what they are doing and attempting to forecast what the future might hold for them.
    Ex: The article 'Television: force multiplier or town crier in the global village?' discusses how television has changed from being a passive observer of events to being a significant player in international affairs.
    Ex: Tinseltown's leading men never get their due on the red carpet.
    * papel protagonista = title role.
    * protagonista, el = main character, the, main actor, the.
    * protagonista principal = key player, centrepiece [centerpiece, -USA], lead character.
    * protagonista principal, el = main character, the, main actor, the.

    * * *
    1
    (actor): el protagonista de la nueva serie the star of the new series, the actor who is playing the leading role in the new series
    2 (personaje) main character
    el protagonista de la novela the main character o protagonist of the novel
    el típico protagonista de capa y espada the typical hero of swashbuckling movies
    3
    (de un suceso): los protagonistas de la revolución those who played a leading role in the revolution
    los principales protagonistas de nuestra historia the major figures of our history
    escultura y pintura son protagonistas en esta exposición sculpture and painting are the main features of this exhibit ( AmE) o ( BrE) exhibition
    * * *

     

    protagonista sustantivo masculino y femenino

    b) ( actor)


    los principales protagonistas de nuestra historia the major figures of our history
    protagonista mf
    1 (personaje) main character
    2 (actor) leading actor, (actriz) leading actress
    3 (en una velada, etc) main protagonist
    ' protagonista' also found in these entries:
    English:
    hero
    - heroine
    - leading lady
    - leading man
    - principal
    - protagonist
    - star
    - leading
    * * *
    1. [de libro, película] main o central character;
    [de obra de teatro] lead, leading role;
    un actor que sólo acepta papeles de protagonista an actor who only accepts leading roles
    2. [de suceso]
    los protagonistas de la revolución the chief actors in the revolution;
    ser protagonista de [acontecimiento histórico] to play a leading part in;
    [accidente] to be one of the main people involved in; [entrevista, estudio] to be the subject of
    * * *
    m/f
    1 personaje main character
    2 actor, actriz star;
    papel de protagonista leading role
    3 de una hazaña hero; mujer heroine
    * * *
    1) : protagonist, main character
    2) : leader
    * * *
    protagonista n main character

    Spanish-English dictionary > protagonista

  • 6 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

  • 7 read

    Ⅰ.
    read1 [ri:d]
    lire ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 2 (a), 2 (b), 2 (f), 2 (j), 3 (a), 3 (b) interpréter ⇒ 2 (c) comprendre ⇒ 2 (c) recevoir ⇒ 2 (d) étudier ⇒ 2 (e) indiquer ⇒ 2 (g) annoncer ⇒ 2 (h)
    (pt & pp read [red])
    1 noun
    ∎ to have a read lire;
    ∎ I enjoy a good read j'aime lire;
    ∎ he was having a quiet read il lisait tranquillement;
    ∎ can I have a read of your paper? est-ce que je peux jeter un coup d'œil sur ton journal?
    ∎ it's an easy read c'est facile à lire;
    ∎ her books are a good read ses livres se lisent bien
    (a) (book, magazine etc) lire; (bad handwriting, music) lire, déchiffrer;
    ∎ I read it in the paper je l'ai lu dans le journal;
    ∎ have you got anything to read? avez-vous de quoi lire ou quelque chose à lire?;
    ∎ to read sth over and over (again) lire et relire qch;
    ∎ everything I've read about the subject tout ce que j'ai lu à ce sujet;
    ∎ she read herself to sleep elle a lu jusqu'à ce qu'elle s'endorme;
    ∎ for "Barry" read "Harry" lire "Harry" à la place de "Barry";
    ∎ can you read music/braille/Italian? savez-vous lire la musique/le braille/l'italien?;
    ∎ to read sb's lips lire sur les lèvres de qn;
    ∎ figurative read my lips! écoutez-moi bien!;
    ∎ Administration read and approved (stamp on document) lu et approuvé;
    ∎ to take sth as read (evident) considérer qch comme allant de soi; (agreed upon) considérer qch comme entendu
    (b) (aloud) lire (à haute voix);
    ∎ to read sb sth, to read sth to sb lire qch à qn;
    ∎ read me a story lis-moi une histoire;
    ∎ to read a paper at a conference présenter un exposé à une conférence;
    ∎ Religion to read the lesson lire un passage de l'Évangile;
    ∎ to read the news Radio lire les informations; Television présenter le journal;
    ∎ Law to read a will exécuter la lecture d'un testament
    (c) (interpret → situation, behaviour) interpréter; (understand → person, mood) comprendre;
    ∎ I read it this way c'est comme ça que je l'interprète;
    ∎ to read sb's mind or thoughts lire dans les pensées de qn;
    ∎ to read sb's palm or hand lire les lignes de la main à qn;
    ∎ I can read him like a book! je sais comment il fonctionne!;
    ∎ Sport he reads the game very well c'est un très bon stratège;
    ∎ he read that well il a bien anticipé
    (d) (via radio) recevoir;
    ∎ do you read me? est-ce que vous me recevez?; figurative est-ce que tu me comprends?;
    ∎ reading you loud and clear je vous reçois cinq sur cinq; figurative oui, oui j'ai compris
    ∎ he read history il a étudié l'histoire, il a fait des études d'histoire;
    ∎ to read law/medicine faire son droit/sa médecine, faire des études de droit/de médecine
    (f) (temperature, thermometer, barometer) lire;
    ∎ to read the meter relever le compteur
    (g) (register → of gauge, dial, barometer) indiquer;
    ∎ the thermometer is reading 40° le thermomètre indique 40°
    (h) (announce → of notice) annoncer;
    ∎ a sign on the door read "staff only" un écriteau sur la porte indiquait "réservé au personnel";
    ∎ the inscription on the monument reads… on peut lire sur le monument…
    (i) (proofs) corriger
    (j) Computing (data, disk) lire;
    ∎ this computer only reads double-density disks cet ordinateur ne lit que les disquettes (à) double densité
    (a) (person) lire;
    ∎ she's learning to read elle apprend à lire;
    ∎ to read to sb faire la lecture à qn;
    ∎ to read aloud lire à haute voix;
    ∎ read quietly to yourselves lisez en silence;
    ∎ I enjoy reading j'aime beaucoup lire ou la lecture;
    ∎ I'd read about it in the papers je l'avais lu dans les journaux;
    ∎ we read of his death in the newspaper nous avons appris sa mort dans le journal;
    ∎ we've all read about or of such phenomena nous avons tous lu des textes qui traitent de tels phénomènes
    ∎ to read between the lines lire entre les lignes;
    ∎ she read in the cards that I would be famous elle a lu dans les cartes que je serais célèbre
    ∎ her article reads well/badly son article est bien/mal écrit;
    ∎ the table reads from left to right le tableau se lit de gauche à droite;
    ∎ the book reads like a translation à la lecture, on sent que ce roman est une traduction;
    ∎ article 22 reads as follows voici ce que dit l'article 22;
    ∎ her life story reads like a fairytale sa vie ressemble à un conte de fées
    (d) (gauge, meter etc)
    ∎ the dials read differently les cadrans n'indiquent pas le même chiffre
    ∎ what's he reading? qu'est-ce qu'il fait comme études?;
    ∎ British I'm reading history je fais des études d'histoire;
    ∎ to read for a degree préparer un diplôme;
    ∎ to read for the Bar faire des études de droit
    ►► Computing read head tête f de lecture
    Computing (data) lire (en mémoire)
    ∎ you shouldn't read too much into their silence vous ne devriez pas accorder trop d'importance à leur silence;
    ∎ you're reading far too much into it tu interprètes beaucoup trop
    (a) (names etc) énumérer ( from sur)
    (b) (figure on dial, scale etc) relever
    lire la suite
    (a) (aloud) lire (à haute voix)
    (b) Computing (data) sortir, extraire de la mémoire
    (c) American (expel) expulser
    (quickly) parcourir; (with special care) examiner; esp American (read again) relire
    (skim) parcourir; (examine closely) lire en détail, examiner;
    ∎ Theatre to read through a play faire la lecture d'une pièce
    étudier
    étudier
    ⓘ Read my lips Il s'agit d'un extrait de la formule utilisée par George Bush lors de sa campagne électorale de 1988, avant son élection à la présidence des États-Unis. La formule complète était: read my lips, no new taxes ("regardez bien mes lèvres: pas d'augmentation des impôts"). Aujourd'hui on utilise cette expression pour insister sur le fait que ce que l'on dit est vrai.
    Ⅱ.
    read2 [red]
    1 pt & pp of read
    ∎ he's widely read c'est un homme cultivé;
    ∎ her books are widely read ses livres sont très lus

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > read

  • 8 Serra, José Francisco Correa da

    (1750-1823)
       Known in history by the name "the Abbé Correa da Serra," this famous Portuguese figure of the Enlightenment, man of letters, diplomat, traveler, botanist, and intellectual spent many years abroad in Great Britain, Italy, and the young republic of the United States. Patronized by the powerful, rich Duke of Lafões and ordained as a priest at age 25, Correa da Serra received a doctorate in Italy two years later and soon undertook diplomatic missions abroad for Portugal. Minister for Portugal in the United States of America from 1816 to 1820, he became a close friend and longtime correspondent of Thomas Jefferson. In historic Monticello, Thomas Jefferson's stately home, in recent restorations one bedroom has been officially designated as Correa da Serra's room. Correa da Serra was one of the founders of the Lisbon Academy of Sciences and had a wide correspondence with the scientific minds of the French Enlightenment. He was honored for his contributions to the field of botany in a number of other countries as well. In 1822, at the end of his life, he was elected to the new Constitutional Cortes in Lisbon.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Serra, José Francisco Correa da

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